寡糖
寡糖又稱為低聚糖，是由2至10個相同或不同的單糖單位通過糖苷鍵連接起來形成的直鏈或含分支鏈的糖類化合物。盡管寡糖和單糖在物理及化學性質上相似，它們都易溶于水，并且很多低聚糖具有甜味，可被費林溶液氧化；不同之處在于它們在水解后能產生十個以下的單糖分子。
根據單糖單位的數量，寡糖可分為雙糖、三糖、四糖和五糖等。構成寡糖的單糖可以相同也可以不同，與一般的糖苷不同的是，它們的配基也是糖。例如，蔗糖為典型的雙糖，棉子糖為三糖，水蘇糖為四糖，毛蕊花糖為五糖。
寡糖易溶于水或其他極性溶劑，并且分為還原性和非還原性兩類，在生物體內從單糖逐步合成或由多糖降解產生。在植物細胞壁中的結構多糖，在病原體入侵時會分解成為具有生物活性的碎片，被稱為寡糖素（oligosaccharin），對植物起保護和調節作用。
最常見的三糖是棉子糖，廣泛存在于甜菜和棉籽中。制造蔗糖過程中產生的糖漿是提取棉子糖的良好原料。棉子糖水解后會得到半乳糖、葡萄糖及果糖各一分子。棉子糖是非還原性糖，其分子內的葡萄糖與果糖通過半縮醛羥基相連，而半乳糖則與葡萄糖之間形成1,6-糖苷鍵，結合順序如下：半乳糖–(1->6)–葡萄糖–(1->2)–果糖。
水蘇糖是自然界中重要的四糖之一，在棉子糖分子中通過6→1糖苷鍵在半乳糖的基礎上連接一個半乳糖形成。類似地，還可以依次添加α-D-半乳糖生成五糖、六糖和七糖等同系物。這些水蘇糖及其同系物都是植物的抗凍物質。
相關化合物
| 中文名稱 | 英文名稱 | CAS號 | 化學式 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 龍膽三糖 | theanderose | 25954-44-3 | C18H32O16 |
| 麥芽四糖 | Maltotetraose | 34612-38-9 | C24H42O21 |
| 麥芽六糖 | malto-hexaose | 34620-77-4 | C36H62O31 |
| 麥芽五糖 | maltopentaose | 34620-76-3 | C30H52O26 |
| 麥芽三糖 | D-maltotriose | 1109-28-0 | C18H32O16 |
| 麥芽三塘水合 | Maltotriose hydrate | 312693-63-3 | C18H34O17 |
| 麥芽七糖 | malto-heptaose | 34620-78-5 | C42H72O36 |
| 路易斯 A 三糖 | 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-4-O-(α-L-fucopyranosyl)-3-O-(β-D-galactopyranosyl)-D-glucose | 56570-03-7 | C20H35NO15 |
| 蔗果四糖 | nystose | 13133-07-8 | C24H42O21 |
| 蔗果三糖 | 1-kestose | 470-69-9 | C18H32O16 |
| 纖維六糖 | cello-hexaose | 2478-35-5 | C36H62O31 |
| 纖維七糖 | <i>O</i><sup>4</sup>-<i>lin</i>-Hexa[1β]4]-D-glucopyranosyl-D-glucose | 34620-78-5 | C42H72O36 |
| 磺達肝癸鈉 | fondaparinux | 104993-28-4 | C31H53N3O49S8 |
| 硫酸阿布拉霉素 | apramycin sulfate | 65710-07-8 | C21H41N5O11*H2O4S |
| 硫代纖維二糖 | D-Glucose, 4-S-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-4-thio- | 80951-92-4 | C12H22O10S |
| 直鏈淀粉 | maltotriose | 9005-82-7 | C18H32O16 |
| 甘露寡糖 | N-[2-(5-acetamido-1,2,4-trihydroxy-6-oxohexan-3-yl)oxy-5-[3,5-dihydroxy-4-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-6-[[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]oxan-2-yl]oxy-4-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]acetamide | 70858-45-6 | C34H58N2O26 |
| 環糊精 | α-cyclodextrin | 12619-70-4 | C36H60O30 |
| 潘糖 | panose | 33401-87-5 | C18H32O16 |
| 海藻糖 | TREHALOSE | 99-20-7 | C12H22O11 |
| 正辛基-Β-D-麥芽糖苷 | Octyl β-D-maltoside | 82494-08-4 | C20H38O11 |
| 正辛基-Β-D-乳糖苷 | octyl β-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->4)-β-D-glucopyranoside | 74513-17-0 | C20H38O11 |
| 木二糖 | 4-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl-D-xylose | 6860-47-5 | C10H18O9 |
| 異麥芽三糖 | isomaltotriose | 3371-50-4 | C18H32O16 |
| 庚酸鈉鹽 | sodium glucoheptonate | 2670-72-6 | C7H13O8*Na |
| 慶大霉素C1五乙酸酯鹽 | gentamicin C1 | 25876-10-2 | C21H43N5O7 |
| 對硝基苯基麥芽五糖 | p‐nitrophenyl‐α‐D-maltopentoglycoside | 66068-38-0 | C36H55NO28 |
| 對硝基苯基-b-D-昆布二糖苷 | 4-nitrophenyl β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->3)-β-D-glucopyranoside | 26255-70-9 | C18H25NO13 |
| 對硝基苯-T抗原 | 4-Nitrophenyl 2-(acetylamino)-2-deoxy-3-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-alpha-D-galactopyranoside | 59837-14-8 | C20H28N2O13 |
| 多羥基羧酸 | sodium glucoheptonate | 31138-65-5 | C7H13O8*Na |
| 四乙酰殼四糖 | N-[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-2-[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-acetamido-3,4-bis[[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-3-acetamido-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy]-1-hydroxy-6-oxohexan-2-yl]oxy-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]acetamide | 2706-65-2 | C32H54N4O21 |
| 唾液糖肽 | Sialylglycopeptide | 189035-43-6 | C112H187N15Na2O70 |
| 雙唾液酸神經節苷酯GD1A | Ganglioside GD1 | 12707-58-3 | C86H150N4Na2O39 |
| 卡那霉素B硫酸鹽 | kanamycin B sulfate | 29701-07-3 | C18H37N5O10*H2O4S |
| 單-2-O-(對甲苯磺酰)-β-環糊精 | mono-2-(p-tolylsulfonyl)-β-cyclodextrin | 84216-71-7 | C49H76O37S |
| 半乳聚糖 | 2-[6-[4,5-Dihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-methoxyoxan-3-yl]oxy-4,5-dihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]oxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-5-methoxyoxane-3,4-diol | 39300-87-3 | C20H36O16 |
| 半乳糖醛酸 | <i>O</i><sup>4</sup>-[(5<i>S</i>)-5-carboxy-<i>O</i><sup>4</sup>-((5<i>S</i>)-5-carboxy-β-L-arabinopyranosyl)-β-L-arabinopyranosyl]-D-galacturonic acid | 6037-45-2 | C18H26O19 |
| 半乳糖醛酸 | galacturonic acid | 14982-50-4 | C6H10O7 |
| 六-O-乙酰基-呋喃葡烯糖-5-半乳糖甘 | [4-acetyloxy-3-[3,4,5-triacetyloxy-6-(acetyloxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]methyl acetate | 51450-24-9 | C24H32O15 |
| 低聚九糖,氣液色譜法4XYL3GAL2 | Nonasaccharide Glc4Xyl3Gal2 | 129865-06-1 | C51H86O43 |
| 二甲基環糊精 | heptakis(2,6-di-O-methyl)cyclomaltoheptaose | 51166-71-3 | C56H98O35 |
| 三乙酰基-β-環糊精 | peracetylated β-cyclodextrin | 23739-88-0 | C84H112O56 |
| 七糖,氣液色譜法4XYL3 | Xyloglucan Heptasaccharide | 121591-98-8 | C39H66O33 |
| а1,2-單甘露醇,а甲基糖苷 | methyl 2-O-α-D-mannopyranosyl-α-D-mannopyranoside | 59571-75-4 | C13H24O11 |
| γ-環糊精 | cyclomaltooctaose | 17465-86-0 | C48H80O40 |
| β-乙酰地高辛 | beta-Acetyldigoxin | 5355-48-6 | C43H66O15 |
| α-環糊精 | alpha cyclodextrin | 10016-20-3 | C36H60O30 |
| α-乙酰基地高辛 | 3'''-acetyldigoxin | 5511-98-8 | C43H66O15 |
| beta-D-半乳糖基-(1→3)-N-乙酰基-D-半乳糖胺 | 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-3-O-β-D-galactopyranosyl-D-galactose | 3554-90-3 | C14H25NO11 |
| P-硝基苯基 B-D-纖維四糖苷 | 4-nitrophenyl β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-cellobioside | 129411-62-7 | C30H45NO23 |
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