拮抗劑是指在生物體中與受體結合后阻止激動劑(如激素、神經遞質等)與其相應的受體結合,從而抑制或減弱激動劑的生物學效應的一類物質。拮抗劑根據其作用機制可以分為非競爭性拮抗劑和競爭性拮抗劑。
非競爭性拮抗劑:這類拮抗劑與受體的親和力較高,但不直接占據受體結合位點,而是通過改變受體的空間構象或狀態來阻止激動劑與其結合。因此,即使激動劑的存在量增加到可以飽和受體,但由于受體已經被非競爭性拮抗劑鎖住,所以其生物學效應仍無法發揮。
競爭性拮抗劑:與受體的親和力與激動劑相近或相同,它們通過占據受體活性位點來抑制激動劑的作用。當增加激動劑濃度時,可以部分克服競爭性拮抗劑的影響,使受體恢復到接近未被拮抗的狀態。
在有機化學、化學化工及生物醫藥領域中,拮抗劑的研究具有重要意義,尤其是在藥物開發過程中用于治療疾病或調節生物體內特定的生理過程。例如,在臨床應用上,通過合理設計和篩選拮抗劑,可以有效地控制過度活躍的受體功能,從而為治療相關病癥提供新策略。
| 中文名稱 | 英文名稱 | CAS號 | 化學式 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 非諾班 | fenobam | 57653-26-6 | C11H11ClN4O2 |
| 鹽酸依法洛沙 | Efaroxan hydrochloride | 89197-00-2 | C13H17ClN2O |
| 洛替拉納 | lotilaner | 1369852-71-0 | C20H14Cl3F6N3O3S |
| 來立司瓊 | lerisetron | 143257-98-1 | C18H20N4 |
| 普馬拉唑 | pumaprazole | 158364-59-1 | C19H22N4O2 |
| 普西洛爾 | procinolol | 27325-36-6 | C15H23NO2 |
| 雙苯拉林 | diphenylpyraline | 147-20-6 | C19H23NO |
| 化合物BMS813160 | N-((1R,2S,5R)-5-(tert-butylamino)-2-((S)-3-(7-tert-butylpyrazolo[1,5-a][1,3,5]triazin-4-ylamino)-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)cyclohexyl)acetamide | 1286279-29-5 | C25H40N8O2 |
| Nexopamil外消旋體 | Nexopamil racemate | 116759-35-4 | C24H40N2O3 |
| N-丁基-3-(2-氯-4-硝基苯基亞肼基)-1-氰基-2-甲基丙-1-烯-1,3-二甲酰亞胺 | BQ-788 free acid | 173326-37-9 | C34H51N5O7 |
| N-[[4-(二甲基氨基)苯基]甲基]-1,2,3,4-四氫-7-甲氧基-n-[4-(1-甲基乙基)苯基]-1-萘羧酰胺鹽酸鹽 | W 54011 | 405098-33-1 | C30H36N2O2*ClH |
| N-[2-[2-(1,1-二甲基乙基)苯氧基]-3-吡啶基]-N'-[4-(三氟甲氧基)苯基]脲 | 1-(2-(2-(tert-butyl)phenoxy)pyridin-3-yl)-3-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)urea | 870544-59-5 | C23H22F3N3O3 |
| N-(4-氟芐基)-3-氧代-1,1-二苯基四氫-1H-惡唑并[3,4-A]吡嗪-7(3H)-羧酰胺 | SHA 68 | 847553-89-3 | C26H24FN3O3 |
| N-(1-甲基-1H-吲哚-5-基)-n-(3-甲基-5-異噻唑)脲 | N-(1-methyl-5-indolyl)-N'-(3-methyl-5-isothiazolyl)urea | 152239-46-8 | C14H14N4OS |
| BQ-788 鈉鹽 | BQ-788 sodium salt | 156161-89-6 | C34H51N5NaO7 |
| AF-219或MK-7264 | gefapixant | 1015787-98-0 | C14H19N5O4S |
| 6-芐基-5,6,7,8-四氫吡啶并[4,3-d]嘧啶-4(3H)-酮 | 6-benzyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropyrido[4,3-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-one | 109229-22-3 | C14H15N3O |
| 4-甲基-N-(9H-黃嘌呤-9-基)苯磺酰胺 | AH-7614 | 6326-06-3 | C20H17NO3S |
| 4-[2-苯基-5,7-二(三氟甲基)吡唑并[1,5-a]嘧啶-3-基]苯酚 | PHTPP | 805239-56-9 | C20H11F6N3O |
| 2,5-二氟苯磺酰氯 | 2,5-difluorobenzenesulfonyl chloride | 26120-86-5 | C6H3ClF2O2S |
| 2,3-雙(2-甲氧基苯基)-N-苯基-1,2,4-噻二唑-5-亞胺 | Benzenamine, N-(2,3-bis(2-methoxyphenyl)-1,2,4-thiadiazol-5(2H)-ylidene)- | 524923-88-4 | C22H19N3O2S |
| 1-(2-溴苯基)-3-(4-氰基-1H-苯并三唑-7-基)脲 | SB 265610 | 211096-49-0 | C14H9BrN6O |
| (9CI)-吡啶并[4,3-d]嘧啶-4(1H)-酮 | pyrido[4,3-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-one | 16952-64-0 | C7H5N3O |
| (2R,3S)-2-[4-(環戊基氨基)苯基]-1-(2-氟-6-甲基苯甲酰基)-N-[4-甲基3-(三氟甲基)苯基]哌啶-3-甲酰胺 | avacopan | 1346623-17-3 | C33H35F4N3O2 |
| —— | eliapixant | 1948229-21-7 | C22H21F3N4O3S |
| —— | 5H-Pyrano(3,2-c)quinolin-5-one, 2,3,4,6-tetrahydro-3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-4-(2-oxo-1-pyrrolidinyl)-6-(phenylmethyl)-, trans- | 139232-80-7 | C25H26N2O4 |
| —— | [N-(2-(2'-fluorophenyl)ethyl)glycyl]-[N-(2-methylpropyl)glycyl]-N-[3-(2'-oxopyrrolidinyl)propyl]glycinamide | 1361200-34-1 | C25H38FN5O4 |
| —— | 8-bromo-4-hydroxy-1-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridazino[4,5-b]quinoline 5-oxide | 202808-11-5 | C11H6BrN3O3 |
| —— | atosiban acetate | 914453-95-5 | C2H4O2*C43H67N11O12S2 |
| —— | 2-Adamantanecarbonyl-arg-phe-NH2 trifluoroacetate | 876310-60-0 | C26H38N6O3 |
| —— | N(3)-(tert-butyl)-1-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-4,7-methano-indazole-3-carboxamide | 916591-01-0 | C19H21F2N3O |
| —— | Unii-TM17E18tor | 754177-77-0 | C22H37N3O3S |
| —— | methyl (2S)-2-(dibenzylamino)-3-[1H-indol-3-yl]propanoate | 259674-19-6 | C26H26N2O2 |
| —— | 4'-{2-ethoxy-4-ethyl-5-[((S)-2-mercapto-4-methylpentanoylamino)methyl]-imidazol-1-ylmethyl}-3'-fluorobiphenyl-2-carboxylic acid | 1073549-10-6 | C28H34FN3O4S |
| —— | Emicerfont | 786701-13-1 | C22H24N6O2 |
| —— | BQ 788 sodium salt | 156161-89-6 | C34H50N5NaO7 |
| —— | 4-(1-benzyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)piperazin-1-ium chloride | 143257-98-1 | C18H20N4*ClH |
| —— | N-cis-2,6-dimethylpiperidinocarbonyl-L-γMeLeu-D-Trp(COOMe)-D-Nle-ONa | 156161-89-6 | C34H50N5O7*Na |
| —— | 1-[4-(4-chloro-3-methoxy-phenyl)-piperazin-1-yl]-2-[3-(1H-imidazol-2-yl)-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridin-1-yl]-ethanone | 1010073-75-2 | C22H22ClN7O2 |
| —— | fosaprepitant | 172673-20-0 | C23H22F7N4O6P |
| —— | cyclo[Phe-Tyr-Lys(iPr)-D-Arg-2Nal-Gly-D-Glu]-Lys(iPr)-NH<sub>2</sub> | 1088715-84-7 | C62H88N14O10 |